In the late 19th century, a powerful and historic change unfolded in the Hawaiian Islands that would permanently alter its future. This was a time when Hawaii, an independent kingdom with deep-rooted traditions and cultural identity, faced mounting pressure from foreign interests. At the heart of this transition stood a remarkable and determined leader Queen Liliʻuokalani, the last reigning monarch of Hawaii. Her resistance to the annexation of Hawaii by the United States, and the story of her downfall, has become a crucial chapter in the broader history of American imperialism and native sovereignty. Understanding the life, role, and legacy of Queen Liliʻuokalani during the annexation is essential for anyone exploring the complex history of Hawaii.
Queen LiliÊ»uokalani’s Background and Rise to Power
Queen Liliʻuokalani was born Lydia Liliʻu Loloku Walania Wewehi Kamakaʻeha on September 2, 1838, into the Hawaiian royal family. Educated at the Royal School and well-versed in both Western and Hawaiian traditions, she grew up witnessing the increasing influence of foreign settlers and missionaries on her homeland. She married John Owen Dominis, a man of American descent, who would later become the Governor of Oʻahu and Maui.
LiliÊ»uokalani became heir apparent to the throne after the death of her younger brother, King KalÄkaua, in 1891. Upon his passing, she assumed the throne and was immediately confronted with political tension and growing resentment among powerful American and European businessmen who had long dominated Hawaii’s economy, particularly through sugar plantations.
Struggles with the Bayonet Constitution
One of the most significant issues Queen LiliÊ»uokalani faced during her reign was the limitation of royal power imposed by the 1887 Bayonet Constitution. This constitution, essentially forced upon King KalÄkaua by the Hawaiian League (a group of foreign residents and business interests), stripped the monarchy of many powers and shifted control to the legislature, which was largely influenced by foreign settlers.
Queen Liliʻuokalani saw this constitution as a direct attack on Hawaiian sovereignty. As queen, she attempted to introduce a new constitution that would restore power to the native monarchy and return voting rights to Native Hawaiians and Asians, who had been disenfranchised. This move sparked immediate backlash from the pro-American elite.
The Overthrow of the Hawaiian Monarchy
In January 1893, a group of businessmen and politicians formed the ‘Committee of Safety’ and staged a coup with the support of U.S. Minister John L. Stevens and American troops from the USS Boston. Despite her authority as monarch, Queen LiliÊ»uokalani chose not to resist violently, hoping to avoid bloodshed. She temporarily relinquished her power with the belief that the U.S. government, once informed of the illegal overthrow, would restore her to the throne.
Her statement to the American government made it clear that she surrendered under protest, and she expected justice and the reestablishment of her rightful authority. However, despite a later investigation known as the Blount Report which confirmed that the overthrow had been illegitimate President Grover Cleveland failed to reinstate her.
Annexation and Resistance
The U.S. annexation of Hawaii was a long and controversial process. While Queen LiliÊ»uokalani and her supporters continued to protest the provisional government and later the Republic of Hawaii, pressure from American expansionists intensified, especially during the Spanish-American War. Hawaii’s strategic location in the Pacific made it highly valuable to the United States.
In 1898, during President William McKinley’s administration, Hawaii was formally annexed through the Newlands Resolution, bypassing the treaty process that would have required a two-thirds majority in the Senate. Queen LiliÊ»uokalani and many Native Hawaiians strongly opposed this move, with tens of thousands signing petitions against annexation.
Key Events Leading to Annexation
- 1893: Queen Liliʻuokalani is overthrown by pro-American forces.
- 1894: The Republic of Hawaii is established with Sanford B. Dole as President.
- 1895: A failed counter-rebellion results in LiliÊ»uokalani’s arrest and imprisonment in her palace.
- 1898: Hawaii is annexed by the United States through the Newlands Resolution.
- 1900: Hawaii becomes a U.S. territory.
Queen LiliÊ»uokalani’s Legacy
Although she was never restored to the throne, Queen LiliÊ»uokalani’s legacy endures as a symbol of Hawaiian resistance and pride. Her dignity, leadership, and efforts to preserve her people’s autonomy continue to inspire many. After her release from house arrest, she lived a relatively quiet life, dedicating herself to writing and philanthropy. She composed many Hawaiian songs, the most famous of which is Aloha Ê»Oe, a poignant farewell that has become an iconic expression of Hawaiian culture.
In 1910, she sued the U.S. government for the illegal seizure of crown lands, but her claim was ultimately unsuccessful. Queen LiliÊ»uokalani died on November 11, 1917, but her contributions to Hawaiian identity, music, and the political struggle remain vital elements of Hawaii’s historical consciousness.
Modern Reflections on the Annexation
Today, the annexation of Hawaii is widely viewed by historians as an example of American imperialism. The events leading to annexation raise important questions about the legality and morality of foreign intervention. For Native Hawaiians, it was a loss of nationhood, culture, and land that has had lasting effects.
Movements for Hawaiian sovereignty and cultural revival often invoke Queen Liliʻuokalani as a central figure. Her story is taught in schools, honored in memorials, and serves as a reminder of a time when the Hawaiian Kingdom stood proud and independent.
Key Lessons from Queen LiliÊ»uokalani’s Reign
- The importance of nonviolent resistance in the face of overwhelming force.
- The role of foreign economic and military interests in shaping domestic politics.
- The deep connection between sovereignty, culture, and identity in indigenous communities.
- The long-term impact of colonization and the struggle for justice and recognition.
The story of the Queen of Hawaii during annexation is not only about a monarch dethroned it is a powerful narrative of resilience, resistance, and cultural pride. Queen LiliÊ»uokalani’s actions and beliefs continue to echo through Hawaiian history as a testament to the strength of a people determined to preserve their heritage. As discussions of sovereignty and justice continue in the present day, remembering her legacy offers vital insight into the historical forces that shaped and still influence the islands of Hawaii.