The Eastern Ghats, a significant mountain range in India, stretch along the eastern coast from West Bengal in the north, through Odisha and Andhra Pradesh, and into Tamil Nadu in the south. While not as well-known as their western counterpart, the Western Ghats, the Eastern Ghats play a vital role in shaping the geography, climate, and biodiversity of peninsular India. These hills and ranges are not continuous; they appear in broken segments, with several rivers such as the Godavari, Krishna, and Mahanadi cutting across them. Although commonly referred to as the Eastern Ghats, this range is also known by several regional and local names that reflect the diverse linguistic and cultural history of the area.
Alternate Names of the Eastern Ghats
Regional Variations in Naming
The Eastern Ghats are not a single uninterrupted range, so they are referred to by different names in various states and districts based on regional languages, local tribes, and historical references. These alternative names often align with specific hills, districts, or sections of the range.
Common Alternative Names
- Palkonda HillsLocated in Andhra Pradesh, these are part of the Eastern Ghats running northwest to southeast.
- Velikonda RangeA hill range found in the southern parts of Andhra Pradesh, also part of the Eastern Ghats.
- Shevaroy HillsLocated in Tamil Nadu, these hills are a popular hill station region and form a segment of the Ghats.
- Javadi HillsFound in northern Tamil Nadu, often associated with the southern extension of the Eastern Ghats.
- Nallamala HillsSpread across Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, these hills form a major section of the Ghats in the region.
Geographical Characteristics of the Eastern Ghats
Fragmented Mountain System
Unlike the Western Ghats, which form a continuous range, the Eastern Ghats are disjointed and run in a roughly north-south direction along the eastern coast. The rivers flowing from the Deccan Plateau to the Bay of Bengal have carved gaps between these ranges.
Elevation and Terrain
- Average elevation ranges between 600 to 900 meters above sea level
- The highest peak isArma Kondain Andhra Pradesh, rising to about 1,680 meters
- Characterized by rugged terrain, forested slopes, and rocky outcrops
Ecological Importance of the Eastern Ghats
Biodiversity and Forest Types
The Eastern Ghats host several types of forests including dry deciduous, moist deciduous, and semi-evergreen forests. These forests are home to a wide variety of flora and fauna, some of which are endemic to the region.
Important Wildlife Species
- Sloth bears, Indian leopards, and gaur
- Endangered bird species such as the Jerdon’s courser
- Medicinal plants and rare herbs used in traditional medicine
Protected Areas in the Eastern Ghats
- Seshachalam HillsA biosphere reserve in Andhra Pradesh
- Simlipal National ParkLocated in Odisha, though part of the northern extension of the Eastern Ghats
- Nallamala ForestsSpread across Andhra Pradesh and Telangana with several wildlife sanctuaries
Hydrological Significance
Major Rivers Crossing the Eastern Ghats
The Eastern Ghats are intersected by some of India’s most important rivers, which originate from the western or central parts of the Indian peninsula and drain eastward into the Bay of Bengal. These rivers contribute to both irrigation and hydroelectric power.
- Godavari RiverCuts across the Eastern Ghats in Andhra Pradesh
- Krishna RiverPasses through gorges in the Eastern Ghats
- Mahanadi RiverFlows through Odisha and shapes the northern section of the range
- Penna and VamsadharaAlso flow across these hills into the sea
Cultural and Historical Importance
Tribal Communities
Numerous tribal groups have historically lived in the Eastern Ghats, maintaining unique cultures, languages, and ways of life. These communities are deeply connected to the forests and hills, relying on them for food, medicine, and livelihood.
Spiritual and Religious Sites
- Tirumala HillsLocated in the Seshachalam range, home to the Tirupati Balaji Temple
- Araku ValleyKnown for its coffee plantations and tribal heritage
- Borra CavesLimestone caves in Andhra Pradesh with religious and tourist significance
Economic Activities in the Eastern Ghats
Agriculture and Plantation
- Coffee and pepper plantations in hilly regions like Araku and Shevaroy
- Rice, millet, and other crops in lower, fertile valleys
- Traditional shifting cultivation still practiced in some tribal areas
Mining and Mineral Resources
The Eastern Ghats are rich in minerals such as bauxite, iron ore, and limestone. Mining operations exist in parts of Andhra Pradesh and Odisha, although they often face criticism due to ecological disruption and impact on local communities.
Tourism and Natural Attractions
Popular Destinations
- Araku ValleyA scenic hill station known for its cool climate and tribal culture
- TirumalaA major pilgrimage destination in the hills
- Yelagiri and YercaudHill stations in Tamil Nadu that attract nature lovers and trekkers
Adventure and Eco-Tourism
- Trekking, camping, and bird watching in forest reserves
- Exploration of caves and waterfalls
- Visiting coffee estates and tribal museums
Environmental Challenges
Deforestation and Habitat Loss
Due to agricultural expansion, logging, and mining, large portions of the Eastern Ghats are under environmental stress. This has led to reduced forest cover, soil erosion, and loss of biodiversity in certain pockets.
Conservation Efforts
- Creation of biosphere reserves and wildlife sanctuaries
- Government and NGO-led afforestation programs
- Promotion of eco-tourism and tribal participation in conservation
The Eastern Ghats, also known by various regional names like the Palkonda Hills, Nallamala Hills, Shevaroy Hills, and Velikonda Range, form a complex and ecologically significant mountain system in India. While not as continuous or towering as the Western Ghats, the Eastern Ghats are equally rich in biodiversity, cultural heritage, and natural resources. They influence river systems, weather patterns, and human settlement across eastern and southern India. Through sustainable development and careful conservation, the Eastern Ghats can continue to support diverse life forms and cultural traditions while offering opportunities for economic growth and environmental learning.