In the early 15th century, France found itself deeply divided and demoralized in the midst of the Hundred Years’ War. Amid this chaos, a young peasant girl named Jeanne d’Arc, or Joan of Arc, emerged from obscurity and became a symbol of hope and national pride. Her actions, driven by spiritual visions and an unwavering belief in her divine mission, drastically altered the course of French history. Understanding what Jeanne d’Arc did involves looking at her religious inspiration, military involvement, trial, and long-lasting legacy.
The Early Life and Divine Visions
Jeanne d’Arc was born around 1412 in Domrémy, a small village in northeastern France. She came from a humble farming family and was known to be pious from an early age. At the age of 13, she began experiencing visions of saints most notably Saint Michael, Saint Catherine, and Saint Margaret. These visions told her that she was chosen by God to support Charles VII, the uncrowned King of France, and help drive the English out of French territory.
Her Mission Takes Shape
At the time, France was plagued by internal divisions and English occupation. The legitimacy of Charles VII’s claim to the throne was being questioned. Jeanne believed that God had tasked her with leading Charles to his rightful coronation and reclaiming France from English control. Despite her young age and lack of military background, Jeanne insisted on meeting Charles VII, a determination that would soon set her extraordinary path in motion.
Journey to Meet the Dauphin
In 1429, Jeanne managed to convince local authorities to send her to the royal court. Dressed in male clothing for safety and to maintain her modesty, she traveled through enemy territory to reach Chinon, where Charles VII resided. Upon meeting him, Jeanne impressed the court with her conviction and perceived divine mission. Skeptical at first, Charles eventually allowed her to accompany a relief army to the besieged city of Orléans.
The Siege of Orléans
What Jeanne d’Arc did at Orléans transformed her from a peasant girl into a legendary figure. The city had been under siege by the English for months, and morale was low. Jeanne’s arrival galvanized the French forces. Though she did not lead troops in a traditional military sense, her presence inspired the soldiers, and she played a key role in strategic decisions and communications.
Under her spiritual and symbolic leadership, the French forces achieved a miraculous victory at Orléans in May 1429. This victory was seen as divine proof of her mission and led to a surge of support for Charles VII.
The Coronation at Reims
Following the victory at Orléans, Jeanne urged Charles VII to proceed to Reims for his coronation. Reims was the traditional site for French kings to be crowned, but it lay deep in territory controlled by forces hostile to Charles. Nevertheless, Jeanne and the army cleared the path to the city, and on July 17, 1429, Charles was crowned King of France with Jeanne by his side, dressed in white and holding her banner.
Symbol of National Unity
The coronation marked the high point of Jeanne’s influence. For many, it confirmed that she was divinely inspired and that Charles VII’s rule had been sanctified by God. Jeanne d’Arc had done what no general or nobleman could: she had restored faith in the French monarchy and revived the hope of a nation.
Her Capture and Trial
Despite her success, Jeanne’s mission was far from over. She continued to campaign for the full liberation of France but soon faced setbacks. In May 1430, while defending the town of Compiègne, she was captured by Burgundian forces, allies of the English. Jeanne was then sold to the English and put on trial in Rouen.
The Heresy Charges
Jeanne was charged with heresy, witchcraft, and cross-dressing wearing male military attire. Her trial, led by pro-English clergy, was heavily biased and politically motivated. Despite her intelligent and courageous defense, she was found guilty and condemned to death. On May 30, 1431, Jeanne was burned at the stake at the age of 19. Her execution was meant to undermine her influence, but it only solidified her status as a martyr.
Posthumous Recognition
Decades later, Charles VII ordered an investigation into her trial. In 1456, a retrial cleared her of all charges and declared her innocent. The Church acknowledged that her original trial had been unfair and politically charged. Jeanne d’Arc was beatified in 1909 and canonized as a saint in 1920 by the Roman Catholic Church.
Legacy of Jeanne d’Arc
What Jeanne d’Arc did has left a permanent mark on French identity and history. She is celebrated as a national heroine and a religious icon. Her courage, faith, and sacrifice have inspired countless generations.
- She is a symbol of French resistance and independence.
- Her story represents the power of individual conviction in shaping historical events.
- She remains one of the most studied and admired figures in medieval and religious history.
Impact on France and Beyond
Jeanne d’Arc’s impact was not limited to her own lifetime. Her role in securing Charles VII’s legitimacy helped France regain confidence and momentum in the Hundred Years’ War. Although she did not live to see the final outcome, her actions contributed to the eventual French victory over the English in 1453.
Globally, Jeanne’s life has become a powerful symbol of faith, patriotism, and gender defiance. Countless books, plays, films, and artworks have been created in her honor. She is seen as a pioneer for women in leadership and a spiritual model for those seeking justice and truth.
Jeanne d’Arc’s life was extraordinary in both its brevity and impact. From a simple village girl to a divinely inspired warrior and national icon, her journey is one of the most remarkable in history. What Jeanne d’Arc did was not just lead armies or crown a king she awakened a nation’s soul and left a legacy that still echoes across centuries. Her courage and faith continue to resonate as a beacon of hope and resilience for all who face adversity.